29 KiB
Routers
Connecting Requests to Services {: .subtitle }
A router is in charge of connecting incoming requests to the services that can handle them. In the process, routers may use pieces of middleware to update the request, or act before forwarding the request to the service.
Configuration Example
??? example "Requests /foo are Handled by service-foo -- Using the File Provider"
```toml tab="TOML"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.my-router]
rule = "Path(`/foo`)"
service = "service-foo"
```
```yaml tab="YAML"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
my-router:
rule: "Path(`/foo`)"
service: service-foo
```
??? example "Forwarding all (non-tls) requests on port 3306 to a database service"
**Dynamic Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp]
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.to-database]
entryPoints = ["mysql"]
# Catch every request (only available rule for non-tls routers. See below.)
rule = "HostSNI(`*`)"
service = "database"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
to-database:
entryPoints:
- "mysql"
# Catch every request (only available rule for non-tls routers. See below.)
rule: "HostSNI(`*`)"
service: database
```
**Static Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Static configuration
[entryPoints]
[entryPoints.web]
address = ":80"
[entryPoints.mysql]
address = ":3306"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Static configuration
entryPoints:
web:
address: ":80"
mysql:
address: ":3306"
```
```bash tab="CLI"
## Static configuration
--entryPoints.web.address=:80
--entryPoints.mysql.address=:3306
```
Configuring HTTP Routers
!!! warning "The character @ is not authorized in the router name"
EntryPoints
If not specified, HTTP routers will accept requests from all defined entry points.
If you want to limit the router scope to a set of entry points, set the entryPoints option.
??? example "Listens to Every EntryPoint"
**Dynamic Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.Router-1]
# By default, routers listen to every entry points
rule = "Host(`traefik.io`)"
service = "service-1"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
Router-1:
# By default, routers listen to every entry points
rule: "Host(`traefik.io`)"
service: "service-1"
```
**Static Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Static configuration
[entryPoints]
[entryPoints.web]
address = ":80"
[entryPoints.websecure]
address = ":443"
[entryPoints.other]
address = ":9090"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Static configuration
entryPoints:
web:
address: ":80"
websecure:
address: ":443"
other:
address: ":9090"
```
```bash tab="CLI"
## Static configuration
--entrypoints.web.address=:80
--entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
--entrypoints.other.address=:9090
```
??? example "Listens to Specific EntryPoints"
**Dynamic Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.Router-1]
# won't listen to entry point web
entryPoints = ["websecure", "other"]
rule = "Host(`traefik.io`)"
service = "service-1"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
Router-1:
# won't listen to entry point web
entryPoints:
- "websecure"
- "other"
rule: "Host(`traefik.io`)"
service: "service-1"
```
**Static Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Static configuration
[entryPoints]
[entryPoints.web]
address = ":80"
[entryPoints.websecure]
address = ":443"
[entryPoints.other]
address = ":9090"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Static configuration
entryPoints:
web:
address: ":80"
websecure:
address: ":443"
other:
address: ":9090"
```
```bash tab="CLI"
## Static configuration
--entrypoints.web.address=:80
--entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
--entrypoints.other.address=:9090
```
Rule
Rules are a set of matchers configured with values, that determine if a particular request matches specific criteria. If the rule is verified, the router becomes active, calls middlewares, and then forwards the request to the service.
??? tip "Backticks or Quotes?"
To set the value of a rule, use backticks ` or escaped double-quotes \".
Single quotes `'` are not accepted as values are [Golang's String Literals](https://golang.org/ref/spec#String_literals).
!!! example "Host is traefik.io"
```toml
rule = "Host(`traefik.io`)"
```
!!! example "Host is traefik.io OR Host is containo.us AND path is /traefik"
```toml
rule = "Host(`traefik.io`) || (Host(`containo.us`) && Path(`/traefik`))"
```
The table below lists all the available matchers:
| Rule | Description |
|---|---|
Headers(`key`, `value`) |
Check if there is a key keydefined in the headers, with the value value |
HeadersRegexp(`key`, `regexp`) |
Check if there is a key keydefined in the headers, with a value that matches the regular expression regexp |
Host(`domain-1`, ...) |
Check if the request domain targets one of the given domains. |
HostRegexp(`traefik.io`, `{subdomain:[a-z]+}.traefik.io`, ...) |
Check if the request domain matches the given regexp. |
Method(`GET`, ...) |
Check if the request method is one of the given methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH) |
Path(`/path`, `/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}`, ...) |
Match exact request path. It accepts a sequence of literal and regular expression paths. |
PathPrefix(`/products/`, `/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}`) |
Match request prefix path. It accepts a sequence of literal and regular expression prefix paths. |
Query(`foo=bar`, `bar=baz`) |
Match Query String parameters. It accepts a sequence of key=value pairs. |
!!! important "Regexp Syntax"
In order to use regular expressions with `Host` and `Path` expressions,
you must declare an arbitrarily named variable followed by the colon-separated regular expression, all enclosed in curly braces.
Any pattern supported by [Go's regexp package](https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/) may be used (example: `/posts/{id:[0-9]+}`).
!!! info "Combining Matchers Using Operators and Parenthesis"
You can combine multiple matchers using the AND (`&&`) and OR (`||`) operators. You can also use parenthesis.
!!! important "Rule, Middleware, and Services"
The rule is evaluated "before" any middleware has the opportunity to work, and "before" the request is forwarded to the service.
!!! info "Path Vs PathPrefix"
Use `Path` if your service listens on the exact path only. For instance, `Path: /products` would match `/products` but not `/products/shoes`.
Use a `*Prefix*` matcher if your service listens on a particular base path but also serves requests on sub-paths.
For instance, `PathPrefix: /products` would match `/products` but also `/products/shoes` and `/products/shirts`.
Since the path is forwarded as-is, your service is expected to listen on `/products`.
Priority
To avoid path overlap, routes are sorted, by default, in descending order using rules length. The priority is directly equal to the length of the rule, and so the longest length has the highest priority.
A value of 0 for the priority is ignored: priority = 0 means that the default rules length sorting is used.
??? info "How default priorities are computed"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.Router-1]
rule = "HostRegexp(`.*\.traefik\.com`)"
# ...
[http.routers.Router-2]
rule = "Host(`foobar.traefik.com`)"
# ...
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "HostRegexp(`.*\.traefik\.com`)"
# ...
Router-2:
rule: "Host(`foobar.traefik.com`)"
# ...
```
In this case, all requests with host `foobar.traefik.com` will be routed through `Router-1` instead of `Router-2`.
| Name | Rule | Priority |
|----------|--------------------------------------|----------|
| Router-1 | ```HostRegexp(`.*\.traefik\.com`)``` | 30 |
| Router-2 | ```Host(`foobar.traefik.com`)``` | 26 |
The previous table shows that `Router-1` has a higher priority than `Router-2`.
To solve this issue, the priority must be set.
??? example "Set priorities -- using the File Provider"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.Router-1]
rule = "HostRegexp(`.*\.traefik\.com`)"
entryPoints = ["web"]
service = "service-1"
priority = 1
[http.routers.Router-2]
rule = "Host(`foobar.traefik.com`)"
entryPoints = ["web"]
priority = 2
service = "service-2"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "HostRegexp(`.*\.traefik\.com`)"
entryPoints:
- "web"
service: service-1
priority: 1
Router-2:
rule: "Host(`foobar.traefik.com`)"
entryPoints:
- "web"
priority: 2
service: service-2
```
In this configuration, the priority is configured to allow `Router-2` to handle requests with the `foobar.traefik.com` host.
Middlewares
You can attach a list of middlewares to each HTTP router. The middlewares will take effect only if the rule matches, and before forwarding the request to the service.
!!! warning "The character @ is not authorized in the middleware name."
!!! tip "Middlewares order"
Middlewares are applied in the same order as their declaration in **router**.
??? example "With a middleware -- using the File Provider"
```toml tab="TOML"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.my-router]
rule = "Path(`/foo`)"
# declared elsewhere
middlewares = ["authentication"]
service = "service-foo"
```
```yaml tab="YAML"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
my-router:
rule: "Path(`/foo`)"
# declared elsewhere
middlewares:
- authentication
service: service-foo
```
Service
Each request must eventually be handled by a service, which is why each router definition should include a service target, which is basically where the request will be passed along to.
In general, a service assigned to a router should have been defined, but there are exceptions for label-based providers. See the specific docker, rancher, or marathon documentation.
!!! warning "The character @ is not authorized in the middleware name."
!!! important "HTTP routers can only target HTTP services (not TCP services)."
TLS
General
When a TLS section is specified, it instructs Traefik that the current router is dedicated to HTTPS requests only (and that the router should ignore HTTP (non TLS) requests). Traefik will terminate the SSL connections (meaning that it will send decrypted data to the services).
??? example "Configuring the router to accept HTTPS requests only"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.Router-1]
rule = "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service = "service-id"
# will terminate the TLS request
[http.routers.Router-1.tls]
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service: service-id
# will terminate the TLS request
tls: {}
```
!!! important "Routers for HTTP & HTTPS"
If you need to define the same route for both HTTP and HTTPS requests, you will need to define two different routers:
one with the tls section, one without.
??? example "HTTP & HTTPS routes"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.my-https-router]
rule = "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service = "service-id"
# will terminate the TLS request
[http.routers.my-https-router.tls]
[http.routers.my-http-router]
rule = "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service = "service-id"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
my-https-router:
rule: "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service: service-id
# will terminate the TLS request
tls: {}
my-http-router:
rule: "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service: service-id
```
options
The options field enables fine-grained control of the TLS parameters.
It refers to a TLS Options and will be applied only if a Host rule is defined.
!!! info "Server Name Association"
Even though one might get the impression that a TLS options reference is mapped to a router, or a router rule,
one should realize that it is actually mapped only to the host name found in the `Host` part of the rule.
Of course, there could also be several `Host` parts in a rule, in which case the TLS options reference would be mapped to as many host names.
Another thing to keep in mind is:
the TLS option is picked from the mapping mentioned above and based on the server name provided during the TLS handshake,
and it all happens before routing actually occurs.
??? example "Configuring the TLS options"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.Router-1]
rule = "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service = "service-id"
# will terminate the TLS request
[http.routers.Router-1.tls]
options = "foo"
[tls.options]
[tls.options.foo]
minVersion = "VersionTLS12"
cipherSuites = [
"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
]
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "Host(`foo-domain`) && Path(`/foo-path/`)"
service: service-id
# will terminate the TLS request
tls:
options: foo
tls:
options:
foo:
minVersion: VersionTLS12
cipherSuites:
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
```
!!! important "Conflicting TLS Options"
Since a TLS options reference is mapped to a host name,
if a configuration introduces a situation where the same host name (from a `Host` rule) gets matched with two TLS options references,
a conflict occurs, such as in the example below:
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.routerfoo]
rule = "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/foo`)"
[http.routers.routerfoo.tls]
options = "foo"
[http.routers]
[http.routers.routerbar]
rule = "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/bar`)"
[http.routers.routerbar.tls]
options = "bar"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
routerfoo:
rule: "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/foo`)"
tls:
options: foo
routerbar:
rule: "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/bar`)"
tls:
options: bar
```
If that happens, both mappings are discarded, and the host name (`snitest.com` in this case) for these routers gets associated with the default TLS options instead.
certResolver
If certResolver is defined, Traefik will try to generate certificates based on routers Host & HostSNI rules.
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.routerfoo]
rule = "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/foo`)"
[http.routers.routerfoo.tls]
certResolver = "foo"
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
routerfoo:
rule: "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/foo`)"
tls:
certResolver: foo
!!! info "Multiple Hosts in a Rule"
The rule Host(`test1.traefik.io`,`test2.traefik.io`) will request a certificate with the main domain test1.traefik.io and SAN test2.traefik.io.
domains
You can set SANs (alternative domains) for each main domain. Every domain must have A/AAAA records pointing to Traefik. Each domain & SAN will lead to a certificate request.
## Dynamic configuration
[http.routers]
[http.routers.routerbar]
rule = "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/bar`)"
[http.routers.routerbar.tls]
certResolver = "bar"
[[http.routers.routerbar.tls.domains]]
main = "snitest.com"
sans = ["*.snitest.com"]
## Dynamic configuration
http:
routers:
routerbar:
rule: "Host(`snitest.com`) && Path(`/bar`)"
tls:
certResolver: "bar"
domains:
- main: "snitest.com"
sans:
- "*.snitest.com"
ACME v2 supports wildcard certificates.
As described in Let's Encrypt's post wildcard certificates can only be generated through a DNS-01 challenge.
Most likely the root domain should receive a certificate too, so it needs to be specified as SAN and 2 DNS-01 challenges are executed.
In this case the generated DNS TXT record for both domains is the same.
Even though this behavior is DNS RFC compliant,
it can lead to problems as all DNS providers keep DNS records cached for a given time (TTL) and this TTL can be greater than the challenge timeout making the DNS-01 challenge fail.
The Traefik ACME client library lego supports some but not all DNS providers to work around this issue.
The supported provider table indicates if they allow generating certificates for a wildcard domain and its root domain.
!!! important "Wildcard certificates can only be verified through a DNS-01 challenge."
!!! warning "Double Wildcard Certificates"
It is not possible to request a double wildcard certificate for a domain (for example *.*.local.com).
Configuring TCP Routers
!!! warning "The character @ is not authorized in the router name"
General
If both HTTP routers and TCP routers listen to the same entry points, the TCP routers will apply before the HTTP routers. If no matching route is found for the TCP routers, then the HTTP routers will take over.
EntryPoints
If not specified, TCP routers will accept requests from all defined entry points. If you want to limit the router scope to a set of entry points, set the entry points option.
??? example "Listens to Every Entry Point"
**Dynamic Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.Router-1]
# By default, routers listen to every entrypoints
rule = "HostSNI(`traefik.io`)"
service = "service-1"
# will route TLS requests (and ignore non tls requests)
[tcp.routers.Router-1.tls]
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
Router-1:
# By default, routers listen to every entrypoints
rule: "HostSNI(`traefik.io`)"
service: "service-1"
# will route TLS requests (and ignore non tls requests)
tls: {}
```
**Static Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Static configuration
[entryPoints]
[entryPoints.web]
address = ":80"
[entryPoints.websecure]
address = ":443"
[entryPoints.other]
address = ":9090"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Static configuration
entryPoints:
web:
address: ":80"
websecure:
address: ":443"
other:
address: ":9090"
```
```bash tab="CLI"
## Static configuration
--entrypoints.web.address=:80
--entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
--entrypoints.other.address=:9090
```
??? example "Listens to Specific Entry Points"
**Dynamic Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.Router-1]
# won't listen to entry point web
entryPoints = ["websecure", "other"]
rule = "HostSNI(`traefik.io`)"
service = "service-1"
# will route TLS requests (and ignore non tls requests)
[tcp.routers.Router-1.tls]
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
Router-1:
# won't listen to entry point web
entryPoints:
- "websecure"
- "other"
rule: "HostSNI(`traefik.io`)"
service: "service-1"
# will route TLS requests (and ignore non tls requests)
tls: {}
```
**Static Configuration**
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Static configuration
[entryPoints]
[entryPoints.web]
address = ":80"
[entryPoints.websecure]
address = ":443"
[entryPoints.other]
address = ":9090"
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Static configuration
entryPoints:
web:
address: ":80"
websecure:
address: ":443"
other:
address: ":9090"
```
```bash tab="CLI"
## Static configuration
--entrypoints.web.address=:80
--entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
--entrypoints.other.address=:9090
```
Rule
| Rule | Description |
|---|---|
HostSNI(`domain-1`, ...) |
Check if the Server Name Indication corresponds to the given domains. |
!!! important "HostSNI & TLS"
It is important to note that the Server Name Indication is an extension of the TLS protocol.
Hence, only TLS routers will be able to specify a domain name with that rule.
However, non-TLS routers will have to explicitly use that rule with `*` (every domain) to state that every non-TLS request will be handled by the router.
Services
You must attach a TCP service per TCP router. Services are the target for the router.
!!! important "TCP routers can only target TCP services (not HTTP services)."
TLS
General
When a TLS section is specified, it instructs Traefik that the current router is dedicated to TLS requests only (and that the router should ignore non-TLS requests).
By default, Traefik will terminate the SSL connections (meaning that it will send decrypted data to the services), but Traefik can be configured in order to let the requests pass through (keeping the data encrypted), and be forwarded to the service "as is".
??? example "Configuring TLS Termination"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.Router-1]
rule = "HostSNI(`foo-domain`)"
service = "service-id"
# will terminate the TLS request by default
[tcp.routers.Router-1.tls]
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "HostSNI(`foo-domain`)"
service: service-id
# will terminate the TLS request by default
tls: {}
```
??? example "Configuring passthrough"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.Router-1]
rule = "HostSNI(`foo-domain`)"
service = "service-id"
[tcp.routers.Router-1.tls]
passthrough = true
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "HostSNI(`foo-domain`)"
service: service-id
tls:
passthrough: true
```
options
The options field enables fine-grained control of the TLS parameters.
It refers to a TLS Options and will be applied only if a HostSNI rule is defined.
!!! example "Configuring the tls options"
```toml tab="File (TOML)"
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.Router-1]
rule = "HostSNI(`foo-domain`)"
service = "service-id"
# will terminate the TLS request
[tcp.routers.Router-1.tls]
options = "foo"
[tls.options]
[tls.options.foo]
minVersion = "VersionTLS12"
cipherSuites = [
"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384",
"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305",
"TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
"TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256",
]
```
```yaml tab="File (YAML)"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
Router-1:
rule: "HostSNI(`foo-domain`)"
service: service-id
# will terminate the TLS request
tls:
options: foo
tls:
options:
foo:
minVersion: VersionTLS12
cipherSuites:
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
```
certResolver
See certResolver for HTTP router for more information.
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.routerfoo]
rule = "HostSNI(`snitest.com`)"
[tcp.routers.routerfoo.tls]
certResolver = "foo"
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
routerfoo:
rule: "HostSNI(`snitest.com`)"
tls:
certResolver: foo
domains
See domains for HTTP router for more information.
## Dynamic configuration
[tcp.routers]
[tcp.routers.routerbar]
rule = "HostSNI(`snitest.com`)"
[tcp.routers.routerbar.tls]
certResolver = "bar"
[[tcp.routers.routerbar.tls.domains]]
main = "snitest.com"
sans = ["*.snitest.com"]
## Dynamic configuration
tcp:
routers:
routerbar:
rule: "HostSNI(`snitest.com`)"
tls:
certResolver: "bar"
domains:
- main: "snitest.com"
sans:
- "*.snitest.com"